Showing posts with label creativity. Show all posts
Showing posts with label creativity. Show all posts

June 8, 2012

It's A (half) Marathon - Not A Sprint.

You know when you try to get things done and, without fail or exception, they don't seem to work the way you want them to? That's been today.

I'm a bit of a mastodon with my To Do lists - I exist under the belief that if you stomp and chomp away at something, it'll eventually get done well. Today I ploughed 1,000 words into a difficult scene in my WIP only to realize I'd come at it from the wrong angle. Knowing this made me cranky, because it meant having to rewrite a huge chunk of work I'd already done. So I stepped away from it and up to another project. I wanted to paint an old steamer trunk of mine so I got the paint, broke out the sander, and got things underway. It only took an hour to realize I'd gone about the trunk all wrong, too - wrong method, wrong supplies. I have to start over. I even tried to wash the dog with...well, similar results (he's fine, but peppermint bath wash is not his favorite).

I don't like this at all. It's enough to make me want to put on sweatpants and call it a day. Still, there's something to be said for going about something the wrong way. Sometimes you have to go the wrong way to realize what the 'right way' is. Plus, it makes me remember the importance of patience - a skill I'm constantly relearning.

Speaking of which, I ran my first half marathon last weekend. My goal wasn't to run super fast; my goal was, quite honestly, to run the whole time and finish without breaking anything. And, by some minor miracle, I did. In my training I'd only run about eight miles - nowhere near the 13.1 I had to do on race day. I was worried, but it all worked out fine. In the midst of miles ten and eleven (because I'm obsessive like this), I found myself thinking about my writing. Doing something creative - doing anything worthwhile, really - can feel a lot like running a marathon. There are moments when you hit your stride and everything clicks into place, but there are also those miles when you know - you just know - you can't go any further. You were crazy to think you could. But most of the time, you really can. You're just tired and have lost your focus.

I've found that if you keep putting one foot in front of the other and focus on being present - not focused on two miles ago, or one mile ahead, but right in this present place - you'll be surprised what you can accomplish. I always am.

Currently writing to: In My Veins - Andrew Belle


February 21, 2012

Bookcycling

So instead of blogging about my writing and editing process (later, promise) I've been making belated Valentine's cards. I don't celebrate the day, generally, but I do like taking it as an opportunity to shower some appreciation and do some crafting.

So today I did something a little subversive: I ripped up a book to make cards out of the pictures in it. I know, I know: a writer ripping up a hardback? Unthinkable! Except there are so many old, neglected books out there looking for a last hurrah. If they could converse, they'd say "I'm still interesting and relevant. So get me out of this second-hand bookshop before I throw myself off of this high, high shelf!" ... or something. Most of them will languish on back shelves and in cardboard boxes, slowly rotting away. But some will be repurposed and enjoyed in a whole new way. I was given a book about cool ways to do this called Playing With Books, and I have to say I think it's awesome. Easy, too:

Find a $5 bargain filled with yellowing pages and silly illustrations. 
Whip out your dinosaur typewriter and one-finger punch out some witticisms.
Try not to asphyxiate on the spray mount.

And there you go! Instant classics.

April 15, 2011

Novel #2

2010 was the year of many things for me. One of those things was Novel #2 (which, technically, I started at the very end of 2009). I'm feeling a little frustrated with myself because #2 (also called Torn) is taking sooo muuuuch loooonger to finish than I thought it would. But that's not to say I'm not excited about it. I'm really excited about it. I love my characters and my setting a lot, and I'll be excited when I can share it with whoever I can convince to read it over for me.

It's just that I'm feeling a little embarrassed. After finishing Novel #1, I thought I'd learned so much about plot and character arcs and streamlining. That I learned what I'd need to do to make sure I didn't end up with a lumpy, patchwork first draft when I gave this whole novel-writing thing another go. But I can see, without even having finished it, how much work I'm going to have to do to get Novel #2 where I want it to be. But I'm beginning to think that maybe this is my process: write madly, stop and pace and plan, write madly, then copy/paste/partially rewrite my merry way to a story I'm truly proud of. Maybe I'm not the kind of writer who ends up with a first draft that doesn't need to be half shredded. Maybe that's okay.

After more than a (very tumultuous) year, I've got about 20,000 words left to go. So, for the purposes of inspiration, I thought I'd Wordle the 50 most-used words in my manuscript.

Here's to finishing my draft by June!

November 3, 2010

Linocut Printmaking

So I went to a beginner's linocut class this past weekend as an early birthday present to myself. I've always had a thing about black and white prints, the simple beauty and intricacy of them, the contrast of a black silhouette against a white page. It was a lot of fun and not nearly as hard as I thought it would be. I took a sketch I'd drawn of what I wanted to try and create: a silhouette of a bird sitting on snow-covered branches.

We started with a plain piece of linoleum. We traced and outlined our design onto the linoleum with a Sharpee. Then we used little shovel-like tools with different heads to carve out our design. The tricky part was wrapping my head around the black/white concept: whatever I carved out would end up white, while whatever I left behind would end up black on the page. How much ink showed on the page depended on how deeply you cut into the linoleum. This is the part that took me the best part of FOREVER: the artsy illustrator guy to the left of me had carved out two designs in the time it took me to do this puppy. And I'm pretty sure I injured my neck while I was at it.



Then it was time to try printing. I rolled my lino with black ink and lined it up on a giant press. Then I turned the big captain's wheel and pressed the wet inked lino under my chosen decorative paper. And out came several of these:





I had a lot of fun printing my design on different kinds of paper that I plan on turning into this year's Christmas cards. This is such a fun art form and something I plan to play with in future, although I'll have to figure out how to do it without a giant press.

October 28, 2010

Editorial Domination: Book 2


I am VERY proud to introduce:

(c) HEMA Maps Pty Ltd

This is the first book in Hema's Atlas & Guide series that I saw through from initial draft to finished product. I wrote several sections, including the intro and the back cover blurb, selected and edited all of the photos, and checked the research provided by our lovely head of research (and did a whole lot of my own - who knew how hard it would be to find a good picture of a mountain pygmy possum? Who, by the way, is the only marsupial that hibernates? Ah, sweet useless knowledge). I shaped 4WD track descriptions and checked them against many, many maps. I compiled both the index and the contents page (manually. That's right.) I got to spend long hours reading about bushrangers with wily beards, wildflowers and mountain wines. I lived and breathed this sucker for about three months. It is in many ways my first editorial baby - I love it no matter what others think of it (and pushing it out... well, there were times when it hurt like hell). Here are a few pages for your viewing pleasure:


(c) HEMA Maps Pty Ltd


(c) HEMA Maps Pty Ltd


(c) HEMA Maps Pty Ltd


(c) HEMA Maps Pty Ltd


I'm pretty proud of how it turned out, I have to tell you. This thing is pretty AND useful. And I'm grateful to it, because it taught me an amazing amount about the editorial process. I have the feeling I'll be carrying this around in my purse for the next few weeks and showing it to strangers: "Look! A book! I helped make it!"

May 24, 2010

Someone Ate My May

... it's been three weeks since I last blogged?.... really? My calendar must be lying to me. I'm almost three months into my first big-girl editing gig and I'm STILL struggling to 'find the time'. Granted, my editor decided to go and have babies a week and a half ago, leaving me to pretend to know what I'm doing at her desk. But I mean really- where are all of these days going? I'm feeling slightly swallowed alive. (I am alive, by the way, dear friends whom I haven't spoken to in many weeks but that I love deeply.)

I could bore you with more complaints about full-time employ, but I think I'll tell you about my new camera instead.

I bought my first SLR yesterday! It's a Canon Rebel T1i 500d, the first digital camera I've invested in that hasn't just been point-and-shoot. I've always loved taking pictures. I took a photography class in high school that has always stayed with me. I loved going out and exploring through a lens, then watching the photos take shape beneath my hands. My teacher was a little old lady who really liked photos of puppies. Most of my pictures were of old headstones. She wasn't a fan.

Since I started traveling, I've found myself wanting a camera that could do... well, more. I can't tell you how many times in the past few years I've taken a picture of a breathtaking vista, looked at my camera's screen and gone, "You just don't quite get it." I'm working my way through the manual (Moby Dick, anyone?) and am looking forward to learning the manual settings as I go. Here are a couple of the practice shots I've taken:


Brisbane as seen from the Cliffs at Kangaroo Point.

Manfriend looking model-y.

Lilies from Manfriend in dim lighting.

I'm AMAZED by the difference in quality. These were photos I shot on automatic settings without knowing what I was doing, and I still think they turned out pretty OK. The camera shoots hi-res video, too, so maybe you'll even get to suffer through a video montage of me doing something silly in the not-far-distant future. Who knows? More to come!

May 6, 2010

The Right Beginning

Recently, I had a critique partner tell me that my first attempt at a novel (Spellbound) 'didn't really start' until around page 7. I was, initially, thrown by this. Those first seven pages were (I thought) filled with important context and building tension. But then I got to thinking about those slippery things, beginnings: how do you know if where you start your story is where your story actually begins?

This seems like it should be a simple question, but it's one I continue to grapple with. Kristin, an American literary agent, says that maybe 70% of her slush pile is filled with stories that don't 'start' until 30 or more pages in. She attributes the fact that these manuscripts are slow out of the gate to two things: backstory and minutiae. She thinks that a lot of writers (especially beginners) feel the need to set up the story- character, tension, motivation, setting- before the story can really get going. She also blames the writers' desire to cover up slow starters by giving too much detail up front. Both of these tactics bog down the story- not good when you're trying to get a reader hooked. And that's the thing about beginnings. It doesn't matter if it's a friend, an agent, or a stranger- you want them to pick up your story, skim the first few lines, and find it difficult to pull their eyes away. I'm beginning to think that my story doesn't do that.

Take, for example, the beginning of Mudbound by Hillary Jordan:
Henry and I dug the hole seven feet deep. Any shallower and the corpse was liable to come rising up during the next big flood: Howdy boys! Remember me? The thought of it kept us digging even after the blisters on our palms had burst, reformed and burnt again. Every shovelful was an agony- the old man, getting in his last licks. Still, I was glad of the pain. It shoved away thought and memory.
This opening plunks us in the middle of the action; it also tells us volumes about the speaker. The fact that he's digging his own father's grave is enough to get you interested. But besides that, the reader is shown Jamie's detached feelings towards his father, his light but bitter tone, the hardship of his current position in life, and the aching desire to forget. Tension. Backstory. Character. All without once slowing down the story.

I've found plenty of suggestions for how to make sure your story starts where it should. Someone suggested that the 'moment of change' is the best place to start, or by opening with a scene that serves as a kind of case study for what is wrong with a character's life. But that leaves me wondering how a reader can appreciate the significance of that change if they don't know anything about the character it's happening to?

One writer advised cutting your prologue and first chapter, then manually circling the crucial things in it that readers needed to know and threading that information into the rest of the story. Readers aren't dumb- they'll pick backstory up as they go along, as long as you're skilled enough to thread it in. That, to me, seems like the trick here: to thread all of that crucial backstory into the ongoing story in a way that keeps the plot ever moving. Terry Brooks said something along the lines of 'nothing starts at the beginning- everything starts in the middle of something, so do yourself and your readers a service and start in the middle of something interesting.'

I've read a lot of advice along the lines of 'when editing, focus on the story your readers want to enjoy- not the story you wrote to get to know your characters'. I suppose, since this was my first shot at a novel, I never thought of those two as mutually exclusive. I assumed that readers would want, even need, those pages of character building in order to appreciate the drama that comes next. The more I think about it, though, the more I see the wisdom there. First drafts are about finding the story. It's like treasure hunting, really. You to dig through lots of literary dirt before you get to the heart of the story you're trying to tell.

For me, the crucial question is this: is the first seven pages of my manuscript just so much literary dirt? Or is it necessary, interesting context? Where does my story actually begin?

In an earnest attempt to answer this question, I'm attaching the beginning of Spellbound below (I know it's full of cliches and too much description and slightly stilted dialogue. Ignore it for me, mmmK?). If any of you feel inclined to cast your eyes over my current beginning, all I want to know is this: when, for you, does it start to get interesting? Where do you think my story begins?
***

I heard it before we turned the corner: the familiar crank and rattle of rusty rides, the tinny plinking of the merry-go-round. I could smell the sickly-sweet cotton candy, almost taste it on the moist twilit air. The Summer Carnival was spinning to life behind our high school, filling the growing dark with happy shouts and jeers. The happy crowd buzzed and hummed by the ticket booth, laughing their oh-so-familiar laughs. I fought the urge to turn around and go home.

It wasn’t that I was entirely unsociable- I just understood what I was heading towards. My entire school would be there, all four hundred and eighty two of us, picking like carrion birds over who had changed two months into summer break. In teenage time, two months could make or break you: new muscles and a good tan could get you an all-expenses-paid trip into a new life. Summer hadn’t gifted me with anything to shout about: just bigger feet and a fresh patch of pimples. I was still an unimpressive, scrawny 5’9. Carnival was a glaring reminder of how much everything hadn’t changed.

“Come on, Jack, quit dragging your goofy feet,” Spence called.

I lengthened my stride to try and catch up with him. Keeping up with Spencer was becoming a challenge. His legs had stretched out like rubber bands, pushing him into another stratosphere. Hard labor on his family’s farm had given him biceps and bulked-up shoulders. Standing next to him all night wasn’t going to do me any favors. We snaked through the line at the front entrance, the music getting louder with every step we took.

“Time to check out the fresh meat!” Spencer said, spreading his hands out as if surveying an untouched buffet. “There’s going to be some prize pickings coming up this year. You know that little redhead who had gym with us in eighth?”

“The Langley girl? She’s, like, twelve years old.”

“Untrue. Tracy’s fourteen, going on available. You’ve got to get them young before the Big Dumb Football Animals.”

“Honestly, Spence,” I laughed. “Standards.”

Once we’d bought our tickets, we made our way to the crowded, dusty strip of grass that ran down the Carnival’s spine. The sun slipped down behind the hills, dragging the humidity in its wake like a cloak. The tops of the bigger tents and food stalls were black outlines against the orange sky. Families were heading home to their beds, kids wilted over their shoulders like sacks full of flour. I recognized every one of them as they passed, even some of the relatives that had come in from the next town over. Our town was that depressingly small. You were constantly surrounded by the same faces, circling around you like bad TV reruns.

I surveyed the crowd as it thinned out, leaving my classmates behind. The Carnival was about to become their personal playground; I could feel the knowledge spreading outwards like a fog. The Big Dumb Animals had begun to prowl, looking in their red and black Hominy Hummingbirds jerseys like a pack of slithering eels. Girls gathered in laughing herds, plucking fussily at short skirts. They weaved in and out of sight around us, making me feel strangely boxed in, despite the crowd’s thinning. As we made our way past a line of brightly-lit games stalls, a group of sophomore girls floated by us. Marjorie Allen batted her large, startled-looking eyes at us. The spillover happening at the top of her shirt made my cheeks feel warm.

“Hey, Spence,” she said, gazing at him over her shoulder.

“Hey, Beautiful,” he called after her. “You going to ride with me on the Wheel later, or what?”

“If you’re lucky,” she said. The other girls giggled, then huddled together.

Spence turned on me and frowned.

“Why didn’t you say anything to Jenny?”

“Who, Jenny Morris?” I said.

“Um, yeah,” Spence said, giving me his oh-Jack you idiot face. “She’s staring at you like she’s thinking of unhinging her jaw and swallowing you.”

I used my sleeve to wipe at my glasses, which had picked up a film of reddish dust. They were goofy and old-fashioned, but I couldn’t afford contacts and was halfway blind without them. I pushed them up my nose and looked at the girls again. Jenny was definitely looking in our direction, but not at me. I was probably blocking her view of someone else.

“Don’t think so. I appreciate the optimism, though.”

“What am I going to do with you?” Spence said. “I’m never going to find you a girl when you insist on being hopeless.”

I was uncomfortable with what I knew were the beginnings of a familiar argument, so I groped for something to distract him. It didn’t prove all that hard.

“So, you’re into Marjorie now? I thought you liked Janet?”

“Who says I’m not allowed to like both? Did you see Marjorie’s assets?” Spence held his hands out in front of his chest as if clutching two invisible gourds. “A man can’t ignore that kind of treasure.”

I let Spence go on as we walked down the dusty strip, comparing Marjorie’s assets to those of the hundred other girls that Spencer flirted with, nodding periodically. We worked our way around the merry-go-round. The colored lanterns hanging above us cast us all in a fog of red and blue.

We’d made our way to the Carnival’s heart, which was lined with small tents and game stalls. I saw Rob Bowman and the rest of his set standing by the duck shooting range, talking to a couple of freshman. I instinctively peeled the other way, around a strength-weighing machine and out of his line of sight. I hated myself for it, but that didn’t stop me from doing it. I headed for one of the less crowded laneways and waited for Spence to catch up to me before I started walking on. He gave me a questioning look, but said nothing.

“Hey, this one’s new,” Spence said, pulling up short.

We stopped in front of a dark green tent whose flaps were closed, unlike the others. There was a wooden sign above the entrance scrawled with ornate gold lettering- ‘Rosemary’s Tarot Readings: $10’. Spence was looking at me with that glitter in his eyes that meant trouble.

“No freaking way, Spence.”

“Come on! It’ll be funny.” He nudged me in the ribs. “Don’t you want to know your future?”

“From someone who relies on a deck of cards to make major life decisions? I’ll pass.”

“Come on,” Spence said, wagging his eyebrows. “I want to know whether Marjorie’s worth the effort.”

“Remind me why we’re friends again?” I said.

“Because without me, you’d lose the will to live.”

I blew out a frustrated breath, which we both knew was just for show.

“Fine, but you’re paying,” I said.

Spence smiled and pulled back the tent flap.

A thick cloud of incense assaulted my nostrils from the depths of the close, cave-like space. Lit candles covered every surface, making it feel church-like, almost like a shrine. A woman in a dark Renaissance-style dress sat behind a velvet-draped table. Her dark green eyes were huge and cat-like. They looked me over as if deciding whether I was worth the effort it would take to digest me.

“Welcome, boys,” she said, her voice dripping with practiced smoothness. “Which of you will be going first?”

“He will,” Spence said, shoving me forward. I glared back at him. He had his hands out in a gesture that I assumed was meant to stop me from fleeing. I sat down, crossing my arms across my chest.

“Welcome, my child,” she said, shuffling a stack of cards against her palm.

I wondered if I could bail out without being blatantly rude. I studied the woman’s cakey makeup, the grin so hard it looked as if it would shatter her cheeks, and felt instantly on guard. What kind of a name was Rosemary, anyway? She must have figured that something from the spice rack would make her sound more authoritative.

“Whenever you’re ready,” Rosemary said, “we’ll begin.”

“Alright,” I mumbled. I heard Spence chuckle behind me and I cursed myself for being such a pushover.

Rosemary laid three cards face down on the table. “Each one represents a different chapter of your life,” she said. “One is your past, one your present, one your future.” She pointed at the cards in turn with purple, talon-like nails. “We’ll flip them over one at a time and see what they have to reveal.”

***

March 16, 2010

Finding Time

I've been kind of bad about posting lately. Probably because, in the past two weeks, I've
A) Started a new, challenging and lovely job, B) Gotten my first 'big girl' car, C) Have had to learn how to drive said car on the left-hand side of the road (while sitting on the left-hand side of the car... is this blowing your mind? D) Umm... I've started a new job. I know I said that already. But really, for me, it's kind of huge.

I'm an Assistant Editor at a publishing company that produces maps and travel guides, which couldn't really be more up my alley. I could bore you with the number of interesting things I've learned in my first two weeks on the job, but I figure I'll stick to the most vital stats.

1. There is a tree in the Kimberley called the shitwood tree. This was mentioned in a guide because apparently, not only does this tree make your campsite stink if you throw a log of it on your fire, but it makes your food taste like... well, you know.

2. There is a website called 'toilet map of Australia' through which you can locate every public toilet that this great nation has to offer. "Add your favorite toilet!" and "Bookmark toilets for future use" were both used in the site's description. I shit you not (pun intended). ((Yes, these are the things that light up my existence.))

Over the past two weeks, my head has been filled with new names and new knowledge. When I'm not working, I'm eating or sleeping (sometimes dreaming about screwing up at work, just for fun). Which brings me to the ultimate writer's dilemma: when the hell am I going to write?!?

I know I'm maybe the zillionth writer who has had to face this problem. There are people who have lots of babies AND full time jobs and still manage to do write (freaks... just kidding?). Who am I to complain, right? I've tried writing before work, but I'm not much of a morning person. My brain (and my creativity) refuse to function before 8AM. Plus that's when I call friends and family and do pre-work things like straighten my hair and make sure I smell fresh. Then there's nighttime, when I'm tired from the day and don't always feel like going to the zone. Writing at night makes my brain come to life, so it becomes kind of difficult to shut it up again. Trying to sleep with my brain running full speed has proven to be a treacherous undertaking. You know when you go into a sort of half-sleep, only to come to and find yourself yelling out nonsense at your confused partner about theses and deadlines and his having FORGOTTEN TO FOLD my laundry?!? (Even when he didn't?) Yeah. Not cute.

So, that leaves me with lunchtime (not ideal), the afternoon (also not ideal), and the beginnings of insomnia.

So how about it, intrepid worker bees? How do you find time for your passions? What have you had to give up or change to make space in your routine for the things you really care about?

Enquiring minds need to know.

January 18, 2010

To Be or Not To Be (a Pirate)?



I've always been kind of obsessed with pirates, before Pirates of the Caribbean made them cool once more. The old school kind who (theoretically) wore bright tights and who (actually) chopped people's fingers off and fed them to the sharks. I've done a lot of pirate recreating in my time, making comments about said tights that will see me mocked until the end of time. Old-school pirates are a fun idea- as long as you don't think about their methods too hard...



... which brings me to the real subject of this post. PiratING. That hot-button, unlawful act that nobody condones, but that almost everybody does at some point. Well, not everybody, but definitely my Manfriend (shh, don't tell the Pirate Police). My male companion has taken pirating to near-professional levels, a state of affairs that has led to several heated discussions about property rights and artistic integrity.

The last of these discussions revolved around Trueblood. I have a deep, abiding love for this series. I dutifully paid full price for the first season and was patiently waiting for the second to come out in Australia. Of course, it wasn't going to come out here until it was done airing in the U.S. (and honestly, of COURSE people are going to pirate when they make us wait... but that's a rant for another post). So I was surprised- even tantalized- when Manfriend told me that we could HAVE the second season at the same time America did. All it would take was the click of his mouse, and there they would be, all in a sexy little row. So of course, I let him do it, vowing to him that I would buy the second season when it came out on DVD.

"Why?" he asked, looking puzzled and slightly exasperated. "We'll already have all the episodes in HD. Why waste money on a series you already have?"

"Because," I said, arms akimbo (GOD I love that word), "Time and money and artistic effort and love went into the making of this program, and because I love the end product so, I want to support it by paying for it."

"You know," he said, in his I'm-humoring-your-absurdity-because-I-love-you tone, "it doesn't cost them nearly as much to produce those DVD's as they charge. It's a rip-off. Besides, they make enough money without your patronage."

"Oh yeah? How do you know?"

He knew because, halfway through this conversation, he'd Googled it and found out exactly how many millions those DVDs had garnered. It was a lot of millions.

This information did soften my resolve. Even so, the whole thing made me feel... icky. This was an artistic product I loved, one that I got ample amounts of enjoyment from. Wasn't it wrong not to pay for it? I imagined selling my first novel ('fantasized' is probably a more accurate descriptor) only to have my profits dwindle because people didn't feel like paying for it. It's hard to compare: I mean, you can't burn a copy of a book (I mean, physically you can, but not over a computer... unless it's an electronic copy. Wait... this is getting confusing). I put tears and sweat and lots of time not eating/exercising/having a social life into that beloved book. Those stolen sales would severely diminish my capacity to write for anything like a living. It isn't fair not to pay for something that someone has worked hard to produce.

I get what Manfriend is saying- CD/DVD prices in Australia are out of this WORLD expensive. Trueblood doesn't need our money: they have enough to keep making the show and to pay all involved a very healthy wage. Still, does it matter how much money they have, or how much you save? It is a piece of art, and art should always be valued.

So, I've put my foot down when it comes to small and emerging artists, people who I want to support so that they can do more, like Alan Boyle and Sarah Blasko. I also draw the line when it comes to artists I'm truly obsessed with, such as Ray Lamontagne and Ani DiFranco. I try to stay strong on TV shows, too, but... I'll admit that there are several easy-to-locate cracks in that resolve. When it comes to big-time movies and albums, sometimes I just can't see the point... I know, I know, try not to judge me. Resolving this issue is a little bit harrrrd (You must have seen that one coming).

My Manfriend has done lots of 'research' on pirating, and generally, he feels no guilt whatsoever about ripping all and sundry. The jury is still out for me, as it makes me feel all slimy inside. So... to be or not to be: what are your thoughts on this question?